Unit+1+-+Poetry

Here is a brief summary of the notes for this unit, as well as a description of the assignments.

For the vast majority of human history poetry was the dominant literary form. Before the written word, there was poetry. Indeed, many poetic concepts and devices were developed precisely because people couldn't write - so, to better and more readily remember information. Moreover, poetry was used to convey news, information, instructions, emotions, argue, woo, and most importantly tell a story. The literary focus of this unit will be various types of poetry and the devices, such as enjambment, metre, metaphor, etc., used to create them. The writing focus is the ability to write several of the poetic forms studied, and the writing of a clear, five paragraph analysis of a poem.

Note 1.1 - Quatrain
A quatrain is any four line stanza of any kind, rhymed, metered, or otherwise. They are often the building blocks for longer poems. Here are some different types:
 * Alternating Quatrain- a four line stanza rhyming "abab.
 * Envelope Quatrain- a four line stanza rhyming "abba", such that lines 2 and 3 are enclosed between lines 1 and 4.
 * Redondilla- this is a Spanish form written in tetrameter with any of three rhyme schemes: "abba", "abab" or "aabb".
 * Italian Quatrain- this is an envelope stanza written in iambic pentameter.
 * Sicilian Quatrain- this is iambic pentameter that rhymes "abab

Here's an example:

Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry?

Note 1.2 - Ballad
Ballads are about an event. In the not too distant past (oh say a couple of hundred years) they were used to spread the news, provide entertainment, or create a "bigger than real life" story. More often than not they become songs.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">often composed of quatrains
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">usually have a rhyming pattern: either //abac// or //aabb// or //acbc// (usually the easiest to rhyme)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">repetition is often found in ballads and they often contain dialogue.
 * entire stanzas can be repeated like a song's chorus
 * lines can be repeated but each time a certain word is changed
 * a question and answer format can be built into a ballad: one stanza asks a questions and the next stanza answers the question
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">often written in the first person
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Two characters in the ballad can speak to each other on alternating lines
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Sequences of "threes" often occur: three kisses, three tasks, three events, for example

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Here's an example (an excerpt from a larger poem) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Oh the ocean waves may roll, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">And the stormy winds may blow, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">While we poor sailors go skipping aloft <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">And the land lubbers lay down below, below, below <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">And the land lubbers lay down below.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Here's a link to the

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Note 1.3 - Petrarchan Sonnet
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.5;">The basic meter of all sonnets in English is iambic pentameter although there have been a few tetrameter and even hexameter sonnets, as well. The Italian sonnet is divided into two sections by two different groups of rhyming sounds. The first 8 lines is called the octave and rhymes (you can see that this is basically two quatrains): <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The remaining 6 lines are called the sestet and can have either two or three rhyming sounds, arranged in a variety of ways: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The exact pattern of sestet rhymes (unlike the octave pattern) is flexible. In strict practice, the one thing that is to be avoided in the sestet is ending with a couplet (dd or ee), as this was never permitted in Italy, and Petrarch himself (supposedly) never used a couplet ending; in actual practice, sestets are sometimes ended with couplets.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">a b b a a b b a
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">c d c d c d
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">c d d c d c
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">c d e c d e
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">c d e c e d
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">c d c e d c

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Often the octave will pose a problem or develop a metaphor which will be resolved in the sestet.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Here is an example:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Sonnet is a world, where feelings caught <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In webs of phantasy, combine and fuse <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Their kindred elements 'neath mystic dews <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Shed from the ether round man's dwelling wrought; <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Distilling heart's content, star-fragrance fraught <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">With influences from the breathing fires <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Of heaven in everlasting endless gyres <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Ending and encircling orbs of thought. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Our Sonnet's world hath two fix'd hemispheres: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">This, where the sun with fierce strength masculine <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Pours his keen rays and bids the noonday shine; <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">That, where the moon and the stars, concordant powers, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Shed milder rays, and daylight disappears <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In low melodious music of still hours.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Note 1.4 - Shakespearean Sonnet
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In some senses the Shakespearean Sonnet is very much like the Petrarchan Sonnet in as much as it is also a 14 line poem written in iambic pentament. The differences are threefold:
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">rhyming scheme : abab cdcd efef gg
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">subsections: while the Petrarchan sonnet is composed of an octave followed by two tercets, the Shakespearean is composed of 3 quatrains and a rhyming couplet
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">the problem: in a Petrarchan sonnet a problem is posed in the octave and resolved in the two tercets. In the Shakespearean, a central metaphor on which the problem hinges in developed over the three quatrains, and resolved in the rhyming couplet

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Here is an example:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Coral is far more red than her lips' red: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">I have seen roses damask'd, red and white, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">But no such roses see I in her cheeks; <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">And in some perfumes is there more delight <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">I love to hear her speak,--yet well I know T <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">hat music hath a far more pleasing sound; <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">I grant I never saw a goddess go, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">My mistress when she walks, treads on the ground; <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">As any she belied with false compare.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Here's a link to the

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Note 1.5 - Limerick
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A limerick is a short form of poetry known for its humour.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">It's a five line poem.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Establish the rhythm.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Lines 1, 2, & 5 share rhythm and rhyme patterns.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Lines 3 & 4 share rhythm and rhyme patterns.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">So the whole poem has a AABBA rhyming scheme.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Think of limerick structure like a joke.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Establish a main character.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Put the character in a situation.
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Run the situation out of control.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Resolve with a punchline.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The limerick's anapestic rhythm is created by an accentual pattern that contains many sets of double weakly-stressed syllables. The pattern can be illustrated with dashes denoting weak syllables, and back-slashes for stresses:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">1) - / - - / - - <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">2) - / - - / - - <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">3) - / - - <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">4) - / - - <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">5) - / - - / - -

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Here are some tips to think it through: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">First, read this sample limerick which demonstrates the syllabic and rhyme pattern.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">There was a large lady from Perth <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Who wanted to travel the earth <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">But her wish was in vain <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">For the door of the plane <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Was not wide enough for her girth.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Note that the first, second and fifth lines each have eight syllables, and rhyme with each other, while the middle lines have only six syllables and a separate rhyme.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Check out this one

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A clumsy young fellow named Tim (A) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">was never informed how to swim. (A) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He fell off a dock (B) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">and sunk like a rock. (B) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">And that was the end of him. (A)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Second, to write your own limerick, begin by choosing a character and a place name. (Note here that if your place name is longer than one syllable you may expand your lines to nine instead of eight syllables.)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Think of some words which rhyme with your place name. Because the limerick is meant to be humorous, your rhymes may be silly - for example:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Sydney; kidney; didn' he.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Use two of these words to end the first two lines of your limerick, which introduce your character.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">There was a young man from Sydney <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Who only would eat steak and kidney.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Next, think of a problem for your character, and present it in your two short lines:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">When the kidney ran out, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Though he started to shout,

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Finally, finish with a resolution (ending) to your limerick, which should make your reader laugh.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He had to go hungry, didn' he?

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Also, be aware that the starting line needn't include a placename, eg. There once was a man named Murray...

= __**Assignment U1A1**__: Limerick = Review the. Complete all the "fill in the blanks" pages. //**Hand in the final one entitled "Now You Try"**//

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Note 1.6 - Haiku
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Haiku is a poetic form that originated in Japan hundreds of years ago and continues today. Haiku combines form, content and language in a meaningful, yet compact form. Haiku poets, who you will soon be, write about everyday things.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In order to be true Haiku, a poem must consist of 17 syllables and contain a Kigo.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A kigo is a word that hints at what season the poem takes place. If the poem contains no kigo, it is more properly called a senryu (this could even be a 17 syllable poem about Spam or the lunch lady).

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Many Haiku themes include nature, feelings or experiences. Usually they use simple words and grammar.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The most common form for Haiku is three short lines. The first line usually contains five (5) syllables, the second line seven (7) syllables, and the third line contains five (5) syllables. Haiku doesn’t rhyme and cannot contain a simile. A Haiku must “paint” a mental image in the readers mind.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Here is an example:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The red blossom bends <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">and drips its dew to the ground. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Like a tear it falls.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">What is the kigo?

=<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">__**Assignment U1A2**__: = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Here you will find the assignments associated with. //**Complete the instructions for Task 1 and Task 2 in class**//.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Note 1.7 Poetic Devices
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Here is a list of poetic devices. It is by no means exhaustive but it does contain most of the majors. You don't need to know them all. They are here for your reference. **__The ones you are responsible for will be specified in class__**.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">When you do your poetry analyses for your anthology I will expect you to incorporate these terms in your work. We will have a quiz on these terms during the course of this unit. I have __underlined__ those terms which are crucial.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A symbolic narrative in which the surface details imply a secondary meaning. Allegory often takes the form of a story in which the characters represent moral qualities. The most famous example in English is John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, in which the name of the central character, Pilgrim, epitomizes the book's allegorical nature. Kay Boyle's story "Astronomer's Wife" and Christina Rossetti's poem "Up-Hill" both contain allegorical elements.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Allegory **

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Alliteration **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The repetition of consonant sounds, especially at the beginning of words. Example from Gerard Manley Hopkins, "In the Valley of the Elwy": <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Fetched fresh, as I suppose, off some sweet wood.

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Anapest **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Two unaccented syllables followed by an accented one, as in com-pre-HEND or in-ter-VENE. An anapestic meter rises to the accented beat as in Byron's lines from "The Destruction of Sennacherib":

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee.

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Assonance **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The repetition of similar vowel sounds in a sentence or a line of poetry or prose, as in "I rose and told him of my woe." Whitman's "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer" contains assonantal "I's" in the following lines:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">How soon unaccountable I became tired and sick, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Till rising and gliding out I wander'd off by myself.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A love lyric in which the speaker complains about the arrival of the dawn, when he must part from his lover. John Donne's "The Sun Rising" exemplifies this poetic genre.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Aubade **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A narrative poem written in four-line stanzas, characterized by swift action and narrated in a direct style. The Anonymous medieval ballad, "Barbara Allan," exemplifies the genre.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Ballad **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A line of poetry or prose in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Shakespeare's sonnets, Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost, and Robert Frost's meditative poems such as "Birches" include many lines of blank verse. Here are the opening blank verse lines of "Birches": <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">When I see birches bend to left and right <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Across the lines of straighter darker trees, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">I like to think some boy's been swinging them.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Blank verse **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A strong pause within a line of verse. The following stanza from Hardy's "The Man He Killed" contains caesuras in the middle two lines: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He thought he'd 'list, perhaps, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Off-hand-like--just as I-- <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Was out of work-had sold his traps-- <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">No other reason why.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Caesura **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A type of form or structure in poetry characterized by regularity and consistency in such elements as rhyme, line length, and metrical pattern. Frost's "Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening" provides one of many examples. A single stanza illustrates some of the features of closed form: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Whose woods these are I think I know. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">His house is in the village though. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He will not see me stopping here <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">To watch his woods fill up with snow.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Closed form **

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Connotation **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The associations called up by a word that goes beyond its dictionary meaning. Poets, especially, tend to use words rich in connotation. Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night" includes intensely connotative language, as in these lines:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Consonance **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Repeated consonant sounds at the ending of words placed near each other, usually on the same or adjacent lines. These should be in sounds that are accented, or stressed, rather than in vowel sounds that are unaccented. This produces a pleasing kind of near-rhyme. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Example: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">boats goats <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">cool soul

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A customary feature of a literary work, such as the use of a chorus in Greek tragedy, the inclusion of an explicit moral in a fable, or the use of a particular rhyme scheme in a villanelle. Literary conventions are defining features of particular literary genres, such as novel, short story, ballad, sonnet, and play.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Convention **

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Couplet **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A pair of rhymed lines that may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem. Shakespeare's sonnets end in rhymed couplets, as in <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">For thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">That then I scorn to change my state with kings.

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Dactyl **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A stressed syllable followed by two unstressed ones, as in FLUT-ter-ing or BLUE-ber-ry. The following playful lines illustrate double dactyls, two dactyls per line:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Higgledy, piggledy, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Emily Dickinson <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Gibbering, jabbering.

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Denotation **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The dictionary meaning of a word. Writers typically play off a word's denotative meaning against its connotations, or suggested and implied associational implications. In the following lines from Peter Meinke's "Advice to My Son" the references to flowers and fruit, bread and wine denote specific things, but also suggest something beyond the literal, dictionary meanings of the words:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">To be specific, between the peony and rose <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Plant squash and spinach, turnips and tomatoes; <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Beauty is nectar and nectar, in a desert, saves-- <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">... <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">and always serve bread with your wine. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">But, son, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">always serve wine.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The selection of words in a literary work. A work's diction forms one of its centrally important literary elements, as writers use words to convey action, reveal character, imply attitudes, identify themes, and suggest values. We can speak of the diction particular to a character, as in Iago's and Desdemona's very different ways of speaking in Othello. We can also refer to a poet's diction as represented over the body of his or her work, as in Donne's or Hughes's diction.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Diction **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A lyric poem that laments the dead. Robert Hayden's "Those Winter Sundays" is elegiac in tone. A more explicitly identified elegy is W.H. Auden's "In Memory of William Butler Yeats" and his "Funeral Blues."
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Elegy **

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Elision **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The omission of an unstressed vowel or syllable to preserve the meter of a line of poetry. Alexander uses elision in "Sound and Sense": "Flies o'er th' unbending corn...."

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Enjambment **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next. An enjambed line differs from an end-stopped line in which the grammatical and logical sense is completed within the line. In the opening lines of Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess," for example, the first line is end-stopped and the second enjambed: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">That's my last Duchess painted on the wall, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Looking as if she were alive. I call <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">That piece a wonder, now....

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero. Epics typically chronicle the origins of a civilization and embody its central values. Examples from western literature include Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil's Aeneid, and Milton's Paradise Lost.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Epic **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A brief witty poem, often satirical. Alexander Pope's "Epigram Engraved on the Collar of a Dog" exemplifies the genre:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Epigram **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">I am his Highness' dog at Kew; <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Pray tell me, sir, whose dog are you?

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Falling meter **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Poetic meters such as trochaic and dactylic that move or fall from a stressed to an unstressed syllable. The nonsense line, "Higgledy, piggledy," is dactylic, with the accent on the first syllable and the two syllables following falling off from that accent in each word. Trochaic meter is represented by this line:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Hip-hop, be-bop, treetop--freedom.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A form of language use in which writers and speakers convey something other than the literal meaning of their words. Examples include hyperbole or exaggeration, litotes or understatement, simile and metaphor, which employ comparison, and synecdoche and metonymy, in which a part of a thing stands for the whole.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Figurative language **

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Foot **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A metrical unit composed of stressed and unstressed syllables. Iamb, trochee, dactyl, anapest, pyrhh, and spondee are the most common feet found in English. Indeed, pyrrh and spondee are themselves fairly rare.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Free verse <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Poetry without a regular pattern of meter or rhyme. The verse is "free" in not being bound by earlier poetic conventions requiring poems to adhere to an explicit and identifiable meter and rhyme scheme in a form such as the sonnet or ballad. Modern and contemporary poets of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries often employ free verse. Williams's "This Is Just to Say" is one of many examples.

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Hyperbole **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A figure of speech involving exaggeration for a particular effect..."and if I've told you that once I've told you a thousand times."

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Iamb **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">An unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one, as in:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A concrete representation of a sense impression, a feeling, or an idea. Imagery refers to the pattern of related details in a work. In some works one image predominates either by recurring throughout the work or by appearing at a critical point in the plot. Often writers use multiple images throughout a work to suggest states of feeling and to convey implications of thought and action. Some modern poets, such as Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams, write poems that lack discursive explanation entirely and include only images. Among the most famous examples is Pound's poem "In a Station of the Metro":
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Image **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The apparition of these faces in the crowd; <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Petals on a wet, black bough.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The pattern of related comparative aspects of language, particularly of images, in a literary work. Imagery of light and darkness pervade James Joyce's stories "Araby," "The Boarding House," and "The Dead." So, too, does religious imagery.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Imagery **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A form of language in which writers and speakers mean exactly what their words denote.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Literal language **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A type of poem characterized by brevity, compression, and the expression of feeling. Most of the poems in this book are lyrics. The anonymous "Western Wind" epitomizes the genre:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Lyric poem **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Western wind, when will thou blow, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The small rain down can rain? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Christ, if my love were in my arms <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">And I in my bed again!

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Metaphor **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A comparison between essentially unlike things without an explicitly comparative word such as like or as. An example is "My love is a red, red rose,"

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">From Burns's "A Red, Red Rose." Langston Hughes's "Dream Deferred" is built entirely of metaphors. Metaphor is one of the most important of literary uses of language. Shakespeare employs a wide range of metaphor in his sonnets and his plays, often in such density and profusion that readers are kept busy analyzing and interpreting and unraveling them. Compare Simile.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The measured pattern of rhythmic accents in poems.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Meter **

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Metonymy **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A figure of speech in which a closely related term is substituted for an object or idea. An example: "We have always remained loyal to the crown."

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A poem that tells a story. A ballad and an epic are types of narrative poem.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Narrative poem **

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Octave **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">An eight-line unit, which may constitute a stanza; or a section of a poem, as in the octave of a Petrarchan sonnet.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A long, stately poem in stanzas of varied length, meter, and form. Usually a serious poem on an exalted subject, such as Horace's "Eheu fugaces," but sometimes a more lighthearted work, such as Neruda's "Ode to My Socks."
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Ode **

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Onomatopoeia **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The use of words to imitate the sounds they describe. Words such as buzz and crack are onomatopoetic. The following line from Pope's "Sound and Sense" onomatopoetically imitates in sound what it describes:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">When Ajax strives some rock's vast weight to throw, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The line too labors, and the words move slow.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Most often, however, onomatopoeia refers to words and groups of words, such as Tennyson's description of the "murmur of innumerable bees," which attempts to capture the sound of a swarm of bees buzzing.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A type of structure or form in poetry characterized by freedom from regularity and consistency in such elements as rhyme, line length, metrical pattern, and overall poetic structure. E.E. Cummings's "[Buffalo Bill's]" is one example. See also Free verse.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Open form **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The endowment of inanimate objects or abstract concepts with animate or living qualities. An example: "The yellow leaves flaunted their color gaily in the breeze." Wordsworth's "I wandered lonely as a cloud" includes personification.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Personification **

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Quatrain **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A four-line stanza in a poem, or the first four lines and the second four lines in a Petrachan sonnet or half an octave. A Shakespearean sonnet contains three quatrains followed by a couplet.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The matching of final vowel or consonant sounds in two or more words. The following stanza of "Richard Cory" employs alternate rhyme, with the third line rhyming with the first and the fourth with the second:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Rhyme **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Whenever Richard Cory went down town, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">We people on the pavement looked at him; <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He was a gentleman from sole to crown <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Clean favored and imperially slim.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Rhymes can be True Rhymes, Half Rhymes, or Sight Rhymes


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">True rhyme __
 * Rhyme in which the final accented vowel and all succeeding consonants or syllables are identical, while the preceding consonants are different, for example, great, late; rider, beside her; dutiful, unbeautiful.
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Half rhyme __
 * A partial or imperfect rhyme, often using assonance or consonance only, as in dry and died or grown and moon.
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Sight rhyme __
 * A rhyme consisting of words, such as lint and pint, with similar spellings but different sounds

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The recurrence of accent or stress in lines of verse. In the following lines from "Same in Blues" by Langston Hughes, the accented words and syllables are underlined:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Rhythm **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">I said to my baby, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Baby take it slow.... <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Lulu said to Leonard <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">I want a diamond ring

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Rising meter **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Poetic meters such as iambic and anapestic that move or ascend from an unstressed to a stressed syllable. Iambs and anapests are rising feet.

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Sestet **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A six-line unit of verse constituting a stanza or section of a poem; the last six lines of an Italian/Petrarchan sonnet. Examples: Petrarch's "If it is not love, then what is it that I feel," and Frost's "Design."

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A poem of thirty-nine lines and written in iambic pentameter. Its six-line stanza repeat in an intricate and prescribed order the final word in each of the first six lines. After the sixth stanza, there is a three-line envoi, which uses the six repeating words, two per line.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Sestina **

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Simile **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A figure of speech involving a comparison between unlike things using like, as, or as though. An example: "My love is like a red, red rose."

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Sonnet **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter. The __Shakespearean or English sonnet__ is arranged as three quatrains and a final couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. The __Petrarchan or Italian sonnet__ divides into two parts: an eight-line octave and a six-line sestet, rhyming abba abba cde cde or abba abba cd cd cd.

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Stanza **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A division or unit of a poem that is repeated in the same form--either with similar or identical patterns or rhyme and meter, or with variations from one stanza to another. Its roughly the equivalent a paragraph in prose.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">An object or action in a literary work that means more than itself, that stands for something beyond itself. The glass unicorn in The Glass Menagerie, the rocking horse in "The Rocking-Horse Winner," the road in Frost's "The Road Not Taken"--all are symbols in this sense.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Symbol **

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Synecdoche **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A figure of speech in which a part is substituted for the whole. An example: "Lend me a hand."

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The grammatical order of words in a sentence or line of verse or dialogue. The organization of words and phrases and clauses in sentences of prose, verse, and dialogue. In the following example, normal syntax (subject, verb, object order) is inverted: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Whose woods these are I think I know.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Syntax **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A three-line stanza, as the stanzas in Frost's "Acquainted With the Night" and Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind." The three-line stanzas or sections that together constitute the sestet of a Petrarchan or Italian sonnet.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Tercet **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The idea of a literary work abstracted from its details of language, character, and action, and cast in the form of a generalization.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Theme **

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Trochee **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">An accented syllable followed by an unaccented one, as in FOOT-ball.

==<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 20.2800006866455px;">U1Assignment 3 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;"> - Summative Part 1 ==

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Create an anthology in which you include the following:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">An 3 examples of each type of poem studied thus far
 * examples should be taken from noteworthy poets
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">an analysis of one Petrarchan and one Shakespearean sonnet. Each analysis will include:
 * explain the central metaphor of the sonnet
 * how the metaphor is posed
 * how it is resolved
 * what, if any, poetic devices are used
 * your general response to the poem
 * choose 4 of the 6 types of poem we've studied and include an example which you, yourself, have composed
 * Now jazz it up and publish it! You can ...style it, design it, make it look good
 * Create a wiki
 * use a webpage
 * use a curation site (curated.by is a good one but there are others)
 * Create a prezi (prezi.com)
 * Create a Glog (glogster.com)
 * GoogleApps
 * Powerpoint
 * Slideshare
 * A combination of several options

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">U1 Assignment 4 Summative Part 2
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Step 1 - Download and complete the following review exercises: ****

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Test